Do you know the Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ?

The 36 differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 

The major differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are summarized in the following table:

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Sl. No.	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
1	‘pro’ = pre, ‘karyon’= nucleus	‘eu’ = true, ‘karyo’ = nucleus
2	Originated about 3.5 billion years ago	Originated about 1.2 billion years ago
3	Primitive forms	Advanced forms
4	Usually unicellular organization	Usually multicellular organization
5	Incipient nucleus, true nucleus absent	True nucleus present
6	Small cell size, usually 1 – 10 µm	Larger cell size, usually 5 – 100 µm, sometimes very large and macroscopic
7	Membrane bounded organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplasts, lysosome, peroxisomes, ER etc. are absent	Membrane bounded organelles present. Majority of organelles have single or double membrane system
8	Genetic material consists of single chromosome	Genetic materials usually consists of more than one chromosomes
9	Genetic material is freely distributed in the central portion of the cell (nucleoplasm)	Genetic material is located in the nucleus
10	Chromosome with covalently closed circular DNA (ccc DNA)	Chromosome with linear DNA
11	Cell division by fission or budding, Mitosis and Meiosis completely absent	Cell division by mitosis and meiosis
12	Nucleolus absent	A well-developed nucleolus present
13	Ribosome 70S type	Ribosome 80S type
14	Two subunits of ribosomes are 50S large subunit and 30S small subunit	Two subunits of ribosome are 60S larger subunit and 40S smaller subunit
15	DNA is naked, not associated with histone proteins	DNA is wrapped around histone proteins
16	Endoplasmic reticulum absent and hence protein synthesizing ribosome freely distributed in the cytoplasm	Endoplasmic reticulum present, protein synthesizing ribosome usually attached to endoplasmic reticulum
17	Internal membrane system scarce. If present, associated with respiration and photosynthesis	Internal membrane system well developed. Cell organelles are surrounded by single or double membranes
18	Flagella with simple organization	Flagella (if present) is very complex with 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
19	Microtubules absent in flagella	Microtubules present in flagella
20	Flagella extracellular and not enclosed by cell surface membrane	Flagella intracellular and surrounded by cell surface membrane
21	Cell wall is composed of muco-polysaccharides	Cell wall (if present) composed of cellulose (in plants) and chitin (in fungi). Cell wall absent in animal cells
22	Organisms haploid, contain only a single copy of genome	Organisms usually diploid very rarely polyploids, contains two copies of genome, one from each parent
23	Plasmid (extra-chromosomal genetic materials) usually present	Plasmids absent, however mitochondria and chloroplasts are autonomous with its own genetic materials
24	Cytoskeleton system absent	Cytoskeleton system well developed
25	Sexual reproduction absent	Sexual reproduction present
26	Processes like transformation conjugation and, transduction present for genetic material exchange	All such processes completely absent, and genetic exchange occurs through sexual reproduction
27	Respiration is by mesosomes	Respiration is by mitochondria
28	Chloroplasts and mitochondria absent	Chloroplasts and mitochondria present, both are double membrane bounded and autonomous with its own genetic materials
29	Photosynthesis takes place in the membrane system of cytoplasm	Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast. Chloroplasts contains membrane stacks into lamella or stroma
30	Nitrogen fixing capacity is present in some forms	Nitrogen fixing capacity is completely absent. None of the eukaryotic cells is known to processes nitrogen fixing ability both in plants and animals
31	Endocytosis and phagocytosis completely absent	Endocytosis and phagocytosis is present in some animals cells
32	Cytoplasmic movement (cyclosis) absent	Cyclosis present
33	Well-developed intracellular and extracellular communication system absent	Communication system is well developed and advanced
34	Cell cycle duration about 20 – 60 minutes	Highly varies, rapidly dividing cells the cell cycle is ~ 24 hours
35	Regulatory mechanisms of DNA relatively simple	Regulatory mechanism highly complex
36	Transcription and translation are continuous process and occurs simultaneously in the cytoplasm	They are separate processes, transcription occurs in the nucleus whereas translation occurs in the cytoplasm

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